Titration Lab Write Up free essay sample

Abstract The purpose of this experiment is to determine the concentration of acetic acid in vinegar by using 0.1 M HCl and NaOH solution. By performing three titrations to determine the concentration of the base, the concentration of the acid was determined to be 0.600 M. It was possible to determine its concentration by standardizing the sodium hydroxide solution used for the first three titrations and by using phenolphthalein to indicate its equivalence point. In conclusion, although there were sources of error, the hypothesis was proven correct by the efficiency of the procedures and the accuracy of the results obtained. Introduction In chemistry, titration is a common laboratory technique that is used to determine the concentration of a substance in a solution. It is performed by neutralizing the solution with the same volume of either an acid or base with a known concentration. (â€Å"Titration.† American Heritage Science Dictionary. 2010) Once the neutralization is complete, the concentration is determined by using the formula MAVA = MBVB. We will write a custom essay sample on Titration Lab Write Up or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The basis of this process is that there are three known values and one unknown value. However, how is the concentration of a substance in a solution determined when there is another unknown value? An experiment was created with the purpose of answering this question by performing three titrations to obtain the value of one unknown concentration and using this value to determine the concentration of the acid used. Hypothesis If three titrations are performed using 0.1 M HCl and NaOH solution to obtain the molarity of the base, then this information can be used because by titrating the vinegar with the now known concentrated base, the concentration of the acetic acid can be determined. Materials and Methods All materials were gathered including a buret, graduated cylinder, stopcock, phenolphthalein, an Erlenmeyer flask, sodium hydroxide solution and hydrochloric solution. The buret and graduated cylinder were rinsed with water and any excess water draining out of the buret was discarded. To start the titration process the stopcock was closed and the buret was filled with sodium hydroxide until it reached the 0 mL mark. To measure approximately 10 mL of HCl solution, a graduated cylinder was used and this acid was placed into an Erlenmeyer flask. Its exact volume was recorded as well the initial reading of the sodium hydroxide in the buret. The acid was added to the flask by slowly opening the stopcock. During this step, the solution was constantly swirled to mix the acid with the base and caution was taken care of the solution’s color by immediately closing the stopcock once it reached a permanent pink color. Once the solution reached its endpoint, the readi ng was recorded and this procedure was repeated for the next three titrations. One exception was that during the fourth titration, 5.1 mL of the vinegar or acidic solution was used instead of 10 mL After all four titrations were completed, all materials were rinsed thoroughly. Results Trial # VA VB 1 10.00 mL At start: 0 mL At finish: 4.6 mL VB: 4.6 mL 2 10.00 mL At start: 4.6 mL At finish: 8.8 mL VB: 4.2 mL 3 10.00 mL At start: 8.8 mL At finish: 13.7 mL VB: 4.9 mL Vinegar 5.100 mL At start: 13.7 mL At finish: 27.0 mL VB: 13.3 mL The results show that for the first three trials, 10.00 mL of the same acid was titrated with sodium hydroxide. 4.6 mL of the base was used to titrate the acid after the first trial, 4.2 mL after the second trial and 4.9 mL after the third trial. For the final trial, 5.100 mL of vinegar was used as the acidic solution and 13.3 mL of the base titrated it. Calculations Trial #1 = 0.217 M NaOH MaVa = MbVb (0.1)(10.00) = (x)(4.6) → 0.217 Trial #2 = 0.238 M NaOH MaVa = MbVb → (0.1)(10.00) = (x)(4.2) → 0.238 Trail #3 = 0.204 M NaOH MaVa = MbVb → (0.1)(10.00) = (x)(4.9) → 0.204 0.217 + 0.238 + 0.204 3 = 0.220 Average Mb = 0.220 M NaOH MaVa = MbVb → (x)(5.1) = (0.220)(13.3) → 5.1x = 2.926 → x=0.574 Ma = 0.600 M Determining the Legality of the Vinegar Used g 1.1 L = 1.0 g → 1.5 L = 1500 g Discussion During the experiment, certain materials and methods were used to determine the concentration of the acetic acid in vinegar such as titration, phenolphthalein to indicate the equivalence point and standardizing the sodium hydroxide solution before performing the first three titrations. Titration was used to determine the concentration of the acidic solution by neutralizing it with a basic solution with a known concentration. Then, the volume of the base, concentration of the base and the volume of the acid were plugged into the formula, MAVA = MBVB. Phenolphthalein was used by indicating when the solution reached its equivalence point by turning its color to a permanent pink. Any other indicator such as methyl orange wouldn’t have worked out as well because when it would change the solution’s color to indicate the equivalence point, it wouldn’t be clear whether the solution was acidic or basic since its color would be the same as its initial color. The equivalence point is the point at which the acid and base are equal. Every neutralization reaction reaches this point since these types of reactions require equal amounts of both the acid and base in order to neutralize each other. Finally, it was important to standardize the sodium hydroxide solution in order to titrate the solution of vinegar because it helped avoid any other additional dependent variables and served as a constant during the experiment. If different amounts of the NaOH solution were used during the titrations, then inaccurate results would have been obtained since the concentration of the acid would have been calculated incorrectly. The obtained concentration of the acetic acid in vinegar was 0.600 M. According to legal terms, for vinegar to be legal, it must contain at least 4% acetic acid. The amount of acetic acid in legal vinegar is equal to at least 1 mole. However by using the formula for determining the molarity of a substance and a simple proportion, it was found that the vinegar used during the experiment was not legal. Conclusion The significance of the results is that they proved our hypothesis correct by showing that the procedures used did achieve the purpose of the experiment by successfully helping us determine the concentration of acetic acid in vinegar. Although the obtained concentration was off by 25% compared to the expected concentration, the results were accurate in that they showed the molarity of the acid was fairly higher than the concentration of the base used because a lesser volume of the acid was used than the base. This percent error may have occurred due to a source of error found in the stopcock. A leakage of the NaOH solution through the stopcock may have resulted in inaccurate recordings of the volumes of the base used in each trial and therefore a lower concentration of the acetic acid was calculated. An improvement that can be made to the experiment is by opening the stopcock just a little so that only drops of the NaOH solution would fall into the flask. Even though it would take longer to complete the experiment this way, this would help achieve more accurate results.

Ceramic Masks essays

Ceramic Masks essays Since the earliest times masks have played an important role in the culture of Africa. Masks have varied in appearance and function. Many masks are associated with religious ceremonies, myth, dance, rituals or are concerned with spirits of the dead, rites, or even curing sickness. The mask has been used by the Africans mainly to solve major human and social problems. When a man wears a mask his identity is hidden and the expression on the mask projects a new identity. If the features on the mask are unnatural such as an abstract from an animal, it will make the mask emit a more effective and dramatic identity. Because the person is wearing a mask the human identity is hidden so the viewer is unsettled, this causes the man wearing the mask to be strange or unpredictable, this leads the viewer to become fascinated so the masked man can deceive the viewer. Masks representing harmful spirits were often used to keep a required balance of power. This type of mask was often associated with secret societies, especially in Africa, which has the greatest variety of masks on Earth. In ancient Egypt priests used masks to represent gods. Masks were also placed upon the face of mummies to keep alive the appearance of the deceased after death or to give a boost to him and his image. Masks use different facial features such as idealizing human features, frightening features, animal features and naturalistic features to give a deeper meaning to what the mask is meant to express. Masks were often used as a form of ranking in villages, for example a mighty warrior who is known to have a lot of strength would be presented with a mask that would describe this type of strength (e.g. a wolfs mask) whereas the villages leader would have a distinct mask that no one else has, as a symbol of his power and status in the elite, e.g. (an eagles mask). Masks may also be used to help identify the members of a village or tri ...

CCEI083W Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CCEI083W - Essay Example I also maintain good communication with my preschooler’s parents in order to guarantee their well being. Finally, I ensure that I am in a good position to discuss problematic behaviours of my preschoolers with their parents in a positive, helpful manner. In order to encourage family involvement in classroom activities, I encourage parents to be clients of the program. This grants them a chance to say what they like or do not like about the program. They also offer bright ideas by acting as clients to the program. Also, I request the parents of my preschoolers to volunteers to some of the school programs. For instance, I ask some of the parents to help in serving snacks for students or contribute toys that they think might help their children learn. Finally, I have included myself on the teacher-parent association in order to contribute to the local politics that parents bring up concerning their children’s learning. Through this, I share with the parents the importance of their children’s learning. I support the relationships of my preschoolers and their families by incorporating both classroom activities and home activities that include both the student and their parents. Such activities ensure that they children and their parents have worked together to complete the assignment. For instance, during sports day, I ask the parent to run for a designated distance while carrying their infants. I give my students assignments concerning their parents, whom they have to ask in order to complete it. Such assignments include briefly describing what your mother or father does at work or how their parents’ childhood was. I also provide a diary for parents to sign to ensure that their child has completed his/her homework given. This will ensure that the parent has checked to ensure that the homework was tackled successfully. Whenever parents to my preschoolers’ parents are in school, I

History of Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

History of Art - Essay Example His originality revealed itself in abundant forms, comprising oil portraits, statue, sketch and architecture1. Circumstances of his work Blue passe His work between 1901 and 1904 introduced him to the global audience. He painted circumstantial extracts of entertainers, beggars, and prostitutes, all in tenors of blue2. He was inclined by his journey over Spain, and by the suicide of his friend Carlos Casagemas, who committed suicide by firing himself in the veracious temple on February17, 1901. This dramatic event influenced his paintings greatly, with numerous paintings of the deceased. The most renowned work during this era was â€Å"self-portrait† in 1901, and â€Å"La vie† in 1903. This period in his career is referred to as the blue period. His work was submersed in blue, with this particular coloring passing on a gloomy tone. As one of the founders of modern art, the blue period marvelous manifestation of poetic refinement and subjective melancholy greatly contribu ted to the evolution of Picasso’s style from classicism to abstract art. Rose Passe Amid 1905 and 1906, his work arose to ease significantly, conveying in an idiosyncratic fawn or rose nature. The subject matter also is not as much of misery. This transformation in subject material and palette might ought to been due to his more contented conditions, for he was in a relationship with a married woman named Fernande Olivier, whom turned down his marriage proposal for she was already married, but stayed his mistress for nine years. This period ensued in a chief portrait called La Famille de Saltimbanques, or the Acrobats in 1905. This painting displays a family of entertainers on what appears like to be desolate scenery or a desert. Other significant portraits during this era include, Garcon a la Pipe 1904, La Toilette 1906, and Harlem 1906. Many experts agree that Harlem was the precursor to his famous Les Demoiselles D’Avignon. Encounter of Cubism Towards the end of 190 6, he started to splatter in a justly innovative style. He was stirred by Cezanne’s compacted portrayal of space, and working together with his friend George Braque, he arose to direct space in powerfully geometrical footings. Cezanne was not predominantly concerned in generating an impression of depth in his portrait and he abandoned the custom of perception drawing. George Braque had considered Cezanne’s method of demonstrating three dimensions. With this knowledge, he and Picasso became good friends, and by making use of numerous viewpoints, they attained the notion of representing an object as perceived from diverse views unconventionally. These efforts are the beginning of cubism. Les Demoiselles d’Avignon signifies Picasso’s epoque nerge, which was stimulated by African art and edges the first stage in Cubism, which is called analytical cubism. Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, is a biased painting of five nude women in postures evocative of sexual invite. Analysts argue it is a representation of the ferocity and hostility inherent in sexuality. Rough line sketch, primeval and immature, in which the women in the painting have conventional faces and gazing eyes, depicts pure naivety of majority of women in that era. On the other hand, critics argue that Picasso envisioned it to be a very provocative image, suggesting the inborn

Compare and contrast of the knight and wife of baths tale from the Essay

Compare and contrast of the knight and wife of baths tale from the canterbury tales - Essay Example The family institution is grounded by marriage; the institution of two individuals or partners with an aim of procreating and nurturing the wellbeing of their children while observing the set standards by the society. Romance on the other hand strengthens the marriage institution as a subset of love; a virtue necessary for the coexistence of family members and society at large. Majority of the society members will always look forward to love from family members and society at large and romance from their partners with which not only serves as the basic course of occupations but basis of identification and a sense of belonging. Romance and love comes with responsibilities for each of the stakeholders which vary with gender and the aspirations of the specific unit that is the family or the society (Heng, 2). The Wife of Bath and the Knight’s tales revolve around romance, love, relationships and the responsibilities that come with each set of relationships; appreciative and punit ive and this paper will seek to compare and contrast the two tales with reference to thematic presentation, morals and responsibilities, love and romance. Socially, the two tales bring out the importance of love and romance to the survival of the society in that lack of romance and love can lead to social vices which have long term repercussions to the errant and the society. For instance, in the Wife of Bath’s tale a knight who had raped a fair young maiden is faced with death penalty according to the society’s set standards and which sets path for the repercussions he faces in the tale. In the Knight’s tale the importance of love and romance in for social identity and sense of belonging is brought out whereby cousins Arcite and Palamon; who were imprisoned by Theseu, the Duke of Athens after inventions against Creon, falls in love with the same girl, Emelye. The power and value relationships, romance, love and the quest for identity and sense of belonging are brought out in the hate that these two cousins develop for each other over the girl and the â€Å"mass judicial tournament† that they engage in all for the winner to give the girl a hand in marriage. Though the scenarios in the two tales differ in the perspective of the responsibilities, they converge to one point of romance and love and the need for identity. For instance, in the Wife of Bath’s tale responsibilities assigned to the knight are punitive compared to the Knight’s tale which though punitive in the sense of mass tournament, they are appreciative in that the end results are explicitly defined. Thematically the two tales differ in that the Wife of Bathcritically evaluates the value of romance and details aspects of society’s aspirations such as antifeminism, behavior in marriage, economics of love and female dominance unlike the Knight’s tale which focuses much on romance. For instance, in the Wife of Bath, when the Knight was about to be prosecuted, Queen Guinevere intercedes and passes the judgment instead of the king; a move that introduced the aspects of female dominance, sought out to bring out the role of women in the society and their influence in matters of love and marriage, and sexuality themes. For example, when the knight was asked to discover for the queen what women desire most, for exchange of death penalty he was to receive; it is

Banner in the Sky by James Ramsey Ullman Essay -- essays research pape

The book that I have read chose to review is Banner in the Sky by James Ramsey Ullman. James ramsey Ullman was born in New York City in 1907. His highest-honored book was Banner in the Sky, but four of his books, including this one, were made into major motion pictures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main characters of this story are Rudi Matt, Franz Lerner, Frau Matt, John Winter, and Emil Saxo. Rudi is the son of the legendary mountain guide of the Alps, Josef Matt. He has mountain climbing in his blood and is destined to become a guide. He is the main character of the story. Franz Lerner is Rudi’s uncle. He was with Josef Matt hours before he died while trying to climb the Citadel, and now he is looking out for Rudi. Frau Matt is Rudi’s mother. She does not want Rudi to become a guide like his father because she fears that he will die the same way. John winter is a famous guide in Switzerland. Rudi saved his life and now Winter wants him to climb the Citadel with him. Emil Saxo is a famous Swiss guide form the village of Broli. Winter asks him to be the guide for the journey up the Citadel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rudi Matt has been given a chance to avenge his father’s death when Capt. John Winter asks him to climb the Citadel, the last unconquered peak in the Alps, along with him. Rudi is eager to do it but he cannot get consent from his mother, so he lies and tells Winter that he can go. They start up the Citadel with the famous guide Emil Saxo, who is also ve...

History of Greek Theatre Essay

Greek theatre took place in large amphitheaters. The actors were a chorus and their leader. There was not multiple characters as we now have today. The leader was the main and only character. At this time the lines were more chanted than spoken. Masks were worn to represent characters and high-soled boots worn to add height to actors. Greek drama was dominated by the works and innovations of five playwrights for over 200 years. The first three of these wrote tragedies. In these ancient tragedies many new innovations came to light that are still used today in theatre. One was the concept of a second actor, expanding the possibilities for plot and interactions with characters. Then came the third actor which expanded this even more. The role of the chorus in Greek drama shrunk so that the characters could more develop. The last two Greek playwrights focused on comedies. Throughout the history of theatre, comedies, made up of current standards for humor, have not survived the ages as well as tragedy. The popularity of these first comedies and the diminishing appeal of tragedy to the audiences of the time, can also be seen as a comment on the role which theatre plays in society at large. Tragedy was at its height in Greek society when that society was at its height. Comedy was most popular during the decline of Greek government The Romans took much from Greek theatre. Although Roman theatre may not be held in the same high esteem as that of the Greeks, we have inherited much from the influence of the Roman Theatre. One odd example is the word â€Å"play† itself, which came from Latin translation of the word ludus, which means recreation or play. Roman theatre had two parts: Fabula Palliata and Fabula Togata. Fabula Palliata consisted of mostly translations of Greek plays into Latin. It was here that the idea of subplot was introduced. This helped plays contrast the reactions of different sets of characters to the same events or circumstances. The Fabula Togata were more about broadly absurd situations and humor of a physical nature. Rome theatre consisted primarily of Fabula. Plays of a more serious literary nature continued to be written, but these were not intended to be performed. They were more to be read or recited. The influence of the Roman world on the form of the stage is one  which had a more lasting effect. The greatest impact Rome may have had on the theatre was to lower it in the esteem of the Church, an impact that would slow the growth of the dramatic arts for several centuries. The inclination toward low comedy combined with its association and the entertainment of the arena contributed to its disfavor by officials of the early Christian Church. Plays were associated with either comedy of a coarse nature, or with pagan rituals and holidays. It was the latter that accounts for the survival of theatre through the Middle Ages. It was written that theatre died following the fall of the Roman Empire, and its memory was kept alive only in the performances of roving bands of street players, jugglers, acrobats and animal trainers. However, while such groups did help to maintain certain aspects of theatrical art, the Church was a major contributor to the preservation of theatre. It is ironic that the Church, which caused theatres to be outlawed as the Roman Empire declined, was one of the primary means of keeping theatre alive through the Middle Ages. This resulted from the Church’s need to establish itself in the community. The Church began to use dramatic form to illustrate the stories underlying holidays so as to reinforce their religious origins and to better communicate the stories to an illiterate congregation. At first the parts played in these simple religious re-enactments were acted out by priests in the sanctuary of the church. The members of the congregation clearly enjoyed and were moved by these presentations. The dramas continued to grow, moving out of the sanctuary and into the open air in front of the Church. Ultimately, the members of town began to contribute to these dramas. Which continued to grow more elaborate with time. Known as passion plays, miracle plays and morality plays, they continued their close connection with the Church and church holidays, but began to introduce elements of characters that were more contemporary in nature.