Oft, Often, and Oftentimes

Oft, Often, and Oftentimes Oft, Often, and Oftentimes Oft, Often, and Oftentimes By Mark Nichol What is the contrast somewhere in the range of frequently and regularly, and is oft a word? The short answers are that there is no distinction, and yes. These three verb modifiers all come from the Old English (and Middle English) term oft, which means â€Å"frequently.† The more extended variations created during the 1300s. Similarly as regularly is an all-encompassing modification of oft (likely created to facilitate the progress to a word starting with a vowel), in many cases got from ofttimes. That final word is everything except obscure in Modern English, and even oft is uncommon however makes due in a colloquialism from William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, â€Å"The insidious that men do lives after them. The great is oft entombed with their bones.† It is additionally utilized in mix with action words in developments, for example, oft-commended and oft-told. Regularly and customarily are exchangeable, however the more age-old sounding last word is less conservative and has an out of date corrupt proportionate to that of the pointless - st finishing off with words, for example, in the midst of and among or the superfluous first syllable of upon. (Curiously, against varies from its cousins in the midst of and among in that the shortened structure again isn't a variety yet a word with an unmistakable importance.) The antonym sometimes, which means â€Å"rarely,† which likewise originates from Old English, initially had a compound - times structure too (however it was hyphenated), and seldhweanne (â€Å"seldwhen†) and seldsiene (â€Å"seldseen†) were a piece of the word-crowd, however just the last word advanced into a later structure (sometimes observed). (The variation seld-demonstrated showed up in Shakespeare.) Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Vocabulary classification, check our mainstream posts, or pick a related post below:What Is Irony? (With Examples)Do you situate yourself, or orientate yourself?5 Tips to Understand Hyphenated Words

Total Quality Mangement Essay Research Paper Total free essay sample

Whole Quality Mangement Essay, Research Paper Whole Quality Management Inside this investigation I will talk the interest for Fresher Plc to execute Total Quality all through its organization. This will mean that there will require to be an anxiety of what Total Quality Management is, the thing that assault to take and how the organization will hold to adjust to accomplish it work. The reason for TQM is to ensure that every action adds to achieving the cardinal points of the worry, and is completed quickly. The fundamental principle of Entire Quality is # 8220 ; do the correct things right first clasp # 8221 ; . # 8220 ; It is evaluated that the expenses of non obtaining the correct things right first clasp, the non-conformance costs, can add up to 25 % of turnover. Smothering this unneeded burden will empower organizations to better productivity for the time being and improve battle in the more drawn out term # 8221 ; ( Implementing TQM, Lesley Munro-Faure ) . Quality is utilized to portray numerous things, an auto may be depicted as a # 8220 ; quality auto # 8221 ; when in world, it is a costly or luxurious auto. We will compose a custom paper test on Complete Quality Mangement Essay Research Paper Total or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In this way it is of import to determine precisely in what setting it ought to be utilized. Quality can be characterized as whole adjustment to requests: these requests are the whole customer requests, non simply a product or administration particular. TQM overall requires a change in how an organization works. Quality must be the priority of each worker and for their endeavors to be centered around the bar of slip-ups. The verifiable in rules of TQM incorporate # 183 ; Concentrating the organization on satisfying customer requests # 183 ; Developing and tapping the full human strength everything being equal # 183 ; Including everybody in the endeavors to happen better ways # 183 ; Pull offing concern techniques, non only maps or segments. Fresher Plc includes army occupations inside its hierarchical development. These employments have driven the way for the organization to lose its well deserved customer base. These occupations can be put into a figure of classs which must be taken a shot at by the instruments of TQM for the worry to win back its customer base. It is vital for them to recover that notorieties for hapless quality keep going for a long clasp and that trustworthiness is the capacity of the product to proceed to run into the customer # 8217 ; s requests over clasp, which the organization obviously hasn t been making. There are clear occupations with Fresher plc. Anyway the main issues included are the 1s that address heading way, client provider fulfillment, representative resolve and adjustment to customer requests. All these are employments, which must be explained so as to set up Total Quality all through the organization. There are a few central point which are depended upon by TQM with the goal that it will be effective. These are Teamwork and Commitment alongside great conveying. Anyway before the existent representatives and friends procedures can be balanced it is essential that the bearing cognize correctly what the are attempting to make and what results should be accomplished. To get down with Entire Quality beginnings with Marketing because of its liable for finding the cardinal highlights that decide the reasonableness of the product according to the shopper. The effect of TQM on an organization is preeminent to ensure that the course receives a vital outline of value. At that point the staff will require to be prepared and told the best way to redistribute their clasp and vitality to dissecting their systems in crews. The board Committedness TQM will just win if the organization # 8217 ; s principle official or pull offing director are underscored about social adjustment. There are a few apparatuses and strategies that can be utilized and it is important that the bearing select the most fitting and cost useful 1s. A figure of normal subjects can be distinguished on best projects. 1. Collaboration 2. Never stoping improvement 3. Corporate end and statement of purpose 4. Concentrate on customer requests 5. Estimation of cost of value 6. Preparing for quality advancement/collaboration/instruments and methods 1 ) Teamwork This relies upon commitment and cooperation all through the organization in all exercises. The supported committedness of each person in the organization, whatever their capacity is required to achieve advancement closes for Entire Quality. Broad commitment of all staff in the choice contriving and critical thinking exercises of concern accomplish this intention and committedness. In the current situation Fresher plc is non doing full utilization of its work assets as there is no criticism among representatives and chiefs on explicit employments. On the off chance that collaboration is making a trip to be a significant start of bring oning adjustment it is of import for cooperation to take topographic point all through the entire organization and non simply one terminal. This point has been made because of the way that when there is a stock out at the central terminal the executive of the Littletown warehouse # 8221 ; resents radiating any provisions # 8221 ; . Hindering down the boundaries inside the representative development may offer a way of expanding productiveness and worker assurance. One way of improvement is through the execution of Kaizen crews or quality circles. The articulation in Kaizen is on elevating everybody to do improvements. Western mentalities accepted that improvements where made through enormous measures of cash being spent on new gear and frameworks, requiring master commitment to give huge advance changes in open introduction. This prompts emotional improvements yet on the off chance that they are non kept up and normalized they bring about a harvest time in open introduction over clasp. Be that as it may, the Kaizen assault depends on a putting resources into individuals and non gear and frameworks. One way in which cooperation can deliver results is through Brainstorming. This supports bunch inventiveness and is accustomed to deliver whatever number contemplations as would be prudent inside a given clasp bound. 2 ) Never Ending Improvement Improvement is a methodology that should neer stop. Leadersh data science must be by representation. Nonstop quality improvement depends upon a consistent waterway of as often as possible minor changes originating from all workers. It very well may be said that open handle by individual representatives is an incredible organizations of regarding a people endeavors. There is by all accounts three essential guidelines to neer stoping advancement # 183 ; Concentrating on the customer # 183 ; Understanding the methods # 183 ; All workers focused on quality 3 ) Corporate end and statement of purpose The primary measure for any worry is unmistakably to determine its definitive point by demonstrating estimations of what is intended to be accomplished. Statements of purpose ought to be included # 183 ; Why the organization exists # 183 ; What concern the organization ought to be associated with # 183 ; What remarkable or commonplace competency the organization should focus on # 183 ; How the organization will carry on its anxiety. 4 ) Focus on customer requests Focusing on customer requests is exceptionally of import especially when you are losing your market partition. Knowing absolutely what the customer needs in footings of particular, handiness, constancy and practicality requires a lot of statistical surveying and conveying between the organization and its customers. In most condition of affairss customers have a pick, they need non put future requests with a supplier who does non execute as they anticipate. The customer will non jeopardize their ain concern association out of certainty to a supplier whose stocks and administration neglect to execute appropriately. As can be seen Fresher plc # 8217 ; s stocks and administration do non fit in with their customer requests. There are a few central point that Freshers will hold to take a gander at here. These incorporate the installment framework as it was depicted as being ever pell mell, the handiness of the product, especially in the mid year months, and the stocks compartments. By keeping up the bing returnable containers Fresher are hiting themselves in the pes as a result of the changing requests of the market and conceivable new customers, for example, the huge hypermarkets-# 8220 ; They continue harping on about us non holding tins of drink to sell # 8221 ; . Anyway before Fresher Begin to try to infer conceivable new customers they should focus on the requests of their bing customers. I offer this expression as it is inferred that there are ever short requests and late bringings and the tradesmans give the new drivers # 8220 ; a correct count about # 8221 ; . This suggests there is a lot o f clasp wastage and angry encounter between the drivers and the vendors which is non a characteristic of Total Quality-# 8221 ; It takes a piece before you realize how to strike hard them back, figure out how to give each piece great as you get # 8221 ; . There are varying techniques which can be acquainted with Fresher plc to open to customers that the organization is focused on quality. Outer affirmation by an outsider is as often as possible an important motivator for organizations decision endeavors. ISO 9000 and BS5750 are these various standards which numerous organizations accept to be a beginning stage to Total Quality Management. Outsider liberation apparently is a decent selling device. Fresher plc must comprehend what is anticipated from them from the market. A strategy for advancement and normalization for these requests is a method called Benchmarking. This is somewhat only an example of mensurating and contrasting cardinal aspects of Fresher # 8217 ; s concern designs with those of different organizations to set up steps of similar open introduction. Angles to be analyzed include: # 183 ; Costss and money related v

Modifiers Examples

Modifiers Examples Modifiers Modifiers is a broad term in grammar, and it is used to refer to words, phrases, or clauses that are often optional but that "modify," or change, the meaning of the sentence. In essence, any word, phrase, or clause that functions as an adverb or adjective in the sentence is a modifier. In English grammar, a basic sentence must have a subject and a verb. Depending on the type of verb, sentences also contain objects or predicate nominatives. Other than these basic elements, most other words and phrases in a sentence could be classified as modifiers. They add to and change the meaning of the basic subject, verb, and object or nominative. Examples of Modifiers: Example: Subject: Dog Verb: Ran Sentence: The dog ran quickly down the road. All of the bold words in this sentence could be classified as modifiers. "The" is an article, a special modifier that introduces or describes a noun. "Quickly" is an adverb, a modifier that describes the verb. "Down the road" is a prepositional phrase functioning as an adverb that tells where the dog ran. Examples of Modifiers in Sentences All words, phrases, and clauses that are functioning as modifiers are in bold. The beautiful painting of trees will sell for $500.00. I used to have a black Labrador puppy named Midnight. When it was raining last night, I sat on the porch and read a book. The lost cell phone was ringing shrilly, but we could not find it. Vanilla-scented candles are my mother's favorite kind. The bookbag that was left on the bus belongs to Josie. The hot sun was beating down on the girls who were sitting on the dock. Before she grew up to become a doctor, Vera Lynn practiced her medical skills on her stuffed animals. Will you pass the strawberry jelly and a spoon?

Friendship - 1090 Words

What is friendship? People have been asking this question for centuries, and we can never know the exact answer that will fit everybody’s definition of friendship. Friendship is the relationship between two people who really care about each other. Your friendship will keep you happy, but it is not easy. Friendship demands time and effort, and sometimes you have to step over your pride and put yourself on the place of your friend, and see what she feels even if you think you are correct. But in exchange, a friend can provide a lot of support and comfort in good times and bad. Many things are needed to make friendship a real one, including trustworthiness, support, honesty, and loyalty. Friendship is supposed to make both people happy, and†¦show more content†¦Real friend be always with his/her friend in well and in owes. In order to maintain friendship, it must be valued and handled delicately because treatment towards friendship determines a friend is real friend or fair weathered. All people seems friendly are not friend. Many pretend to be friend and terminate friendship as soon as their interests are fulfilled. We may have thousands of fair-weathered friends in prosperity but real friends are those who stand by us in our trouble. It’s very painful when friends proved traitor so in choice of friends we must be cautious. A true friend inspires other to improve himself. He does not indulge in flattery. He always warns his friend if the latter goes on the wrong track. He always protects his interest. He does not hate him for his weaknesses but tries to improve him. He may annoy him temporarily, but he does that for a good cause. One should always try to avoid bad company. A group of bad friends may indulge in smoking, drinking, taking drugs, eve-teasing, fighting, quarrelling etc. One should not hate bad company. One should try to reform them. In this way, one can be of help to the society as a whole. Friendship has no boundaries of age, time, place or relations. Practically, friendship is made between persons of similar age group. But even a brother, a sister, a husband, a father or a mother can become good friend. Benefits and necessity of friendship is innumerable. Human beingShow MoreRelatedFriendships : Friendships And Friendships896 Words   |  4 PagesFriendships Marlene Dietrich once said, â€Å"It is the friends that you can call at four a.m. that matter.† There are many different types of friendships. Casual friendships, opposite-sex friendships, and long term friendships are all examples of the different and common types of friendships used today. Casual friends are those you can text and hangout with every once in a while, without any sort of attachment. Friends of the opposite sex are those who help you with your relationships when you are havingRead MoreFriendship Between Friendship And Friendship1405 Words   |  6 PagesFriendship is a form of virtue and is indispensable for human life since man is a social being. There are three conditions necessary for friendship to exist: mutual goodwill, awareness of the other’s feelings in their connection, and awareness of their goodwill and attitude toward the other. According to Aristotle there are three types of friendships corresponding to the three objects of love. The first two types are similar and interconnected; they are friendship based on mutual utility and friendshipRead MoreFriendship Between Friendship And Friendship1520 Words   |  7 PagesFriendship is one of the most important things in life and everyone should learn how to maintain at least one true friendship. Not only is it beneficial to your happiness, it is constructive medicine in both your mental and physical health. Strong social networks and friendships may lengthen longevity, develop a healthier brain, survive cancer and heart disease better, as well as getting less colds, according to an Australian study. Without friendship, the world would be a dismal place, as friendsRead MoreThe Importance Of Friendship By A Friendship1106 Words   |  5 Pagesgot to grade you, From me you d get A+! To all friends, Friendship is one of life s greatest treasures. Friends that are loyal are always there to make you laugh when you are down, they are not afraid to help you avoid mistakes and they look out for your best interest. This kind of friend can be hard to find, but they offer a friendship that will last a lifetime. Other friends may not be quite as loving. The pain caused by a friendship marred by betrayal is not easy to overcome. In fact, manyRead MoreFriendship1379 Words   |  6 Pages Friendship A friend is defined as a person whom one knows, likes, and trusts, therefore this is a friendship. In every society in the world people have and follow this relationship and support it. In some societies this relationship is given more importance than others. In our society friends are given almost the same attention as ones family member. Family is the closest relationship a person has, and if that is disturbed a friend can be very helpful. During the development of a friendship inRead MoreFriendship1486 Words   |  6 PagesSchreiner Paper 2 The Means Behind Friendship â€Å"Friendship is a virtue or at least involves virtue. It is necessary to life, since no one would choose to live without friends even if he had all other material goods. Friends are a refuge in times of poverty and misfortune; they help to guard the young from error; they help the old in their weakness, and help those in the prime of life to perform noble actions.† –Aristotle According to dictionary.com, the word friendship is defined as a person known wellRead MoreFriendships1385 Words   |  6 PagesBigelow and La Gaipa (1975) observed children’s friendships by asking a number of children to write an essay about their best friend using the approach called â€Å"content analysis†. William Corsaro however dictates that in order to study children you must study them in the context of their own peer culture, he used the â€Å"ethnographic approach†. In this essay I shall attempt to compare and contrast the approach used by Bigelow and La Gaipa (1975) and that taken by William Corsaro (2006). In the earlyRead MoreFriendship1166 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Friends are the pearls of our life.. Friends are a necessity in every child’s life. They are there to comfort, to laugh with, and to create wonderful memories My Friendships have played an extremely important role in my life. I do not know where I would be without my friendships.   Friends to me are the people you know and enjoy being around and talking to. There are the best friends that are usually closer than the others and you are always with. What I find most important is being ableRead MoreFriendship1293 Words   |  6 Pagesscene and give me fake reasons as to why I should not be friends with so and so. That’s when I realized that she was manipulative and a compulsive liar. She would lie her guts off about anything and everything. After a while, I was done with that friendship. I wanted out, and fast too. Only there was one problem with this situation, she would guilt me. She would guilt me into sticking around! The worst part is that her own mother would be in on it too. They’d both beg and guilt me into being Alyssa’sRead MoreFriendship1339 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationships because it is full of friends.       There ought to be a course in school on friendship. Of course, some people are perfectly happy to operate with fewer friends. They might rather have a few deep and loyal friends, than many superficial ones. Others thrive best when friends are everywhere and numerous. It is not so much the number of friends that is important as is the possession of friends, period.       Friendship is a blessing, and a friend is the channel through whom great emotional, spiritual

Industrial Development And Population Growth - 1776 Words

Industrial development and population growth have created a surge in global demand for energy. The tension in the Middle East and the sharp rise in oil prices since the 1990’s had Western countries like the US scrambling to secure alternative energy sources. While solar and wind energy is flourishing, energy industries have pursued more aggressive means of tapping the earth’s resources. Continued mining, drilling, and especially hydraulic fracturing have been a â€Å"game changer† for the US. Although industrialized energy development is making great strides in harnessing the earth’s energy resources, it is also threatening the natural environment and the quality of life in many communities. â€Å"Fracking† refers to hydraulic or hydro fracturing of rock formations to stimulate and extract natural gas and oil. The process involves drilling down through sedimentary rocks for thousands of feet, then sideways for miles, pumping millions of gallons of water, sand, and chemicals at high pressure to open fractures in the rocks, allowing gas and oil to flow. This relatively new technology is also being used for resource exploration by geothermal developers. Prior to fracking, it was too expensive to exploit â€Å"shale gas†, but it is now being viewed as a way for the United States (US) to become independent from foreign oil. Fracking also brings a host of new public health and environmental concerns; drilling chemicals and fracking fluids are highly toxic and include known carcinogens.Show MoreRelatedBritish Industrialization Essay836 Words   |  4 Pagesrapid expansion in population, in what he called demo-economic systems. This was mainly on the basis that rural peasants required a labour force to produce output, and by increasing fertility, they were able to breed one. 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Also known as the urbanization, this process, is defined by the unprecedented rural population shift to the cities which stems from the Modern period as a result of the Industrial Revolution. However, nowadays, the key aspect is the universal nature of such, issue t has an effect on an exceptional transformation on a global scale causing a drastic impactRead MoreIndustrial Revolution And The Industrial Age984 Words   |  4 PagesThe Industrial Revolution affected all aspects of American life, and it provoked more changes than just those in the factories. How one experienced the Industrial Revolution depended on where one lived. By 1900, more than a third of America’s people lived in cities, and city populations were growing twice as fast as the population as a whole. Between 1870 and 1920, the number of Americans living in cities increased fivefold, from 10 million to 54 million. Most of the massive industries of the Industrial

Description about Human Resource Management Practices

Question: Describe about the Human Resource Management Practices for Performance in Organisations. Answer: Literature Review The literature review is based on Human Resource Management practices for employees performance in Wesfarmers. Jiang et al., (2014) stated that Human Resource Management (HRM) refers to the policies as well as practices which are involved in carrying the human resources. This particular literature review reflects on some of the factors of HRM practices that assist in effecting the performance of the workers. The factors are recruitment and selection, compensation, performance appraisal and training (Rae, Sands Gadenne, 2015). These factors are vital for improving the performance of the employees within the organization to meet with organizational goals of Wesfarmers. Recruitment and Selection of Employees Kehoe and Wright (2013) stated that the HRM system consists of division of labour as well as specific jobs. In such a system, limited number of employee contribution exists. The employees policy specifies comprehensive rules concern progression of profession as well as compensation. Buller and McEvoy (2012) opined that recruitment and selection gives high retention to the employees. The objective of the professional recruitment strategy is to magnetize the right number of trained applicants as well as strengthen company brand within the labour marketplace. The recruitment and selection strategies should be resolute after job analysis highlights the necessary skills as well as abilities. Bratton and Gold (2012) argued that for the external recruitment of Wesfarmers, advertising media such as print, social media are to be considered. The major trends within recruitment are use of technology, development of HR responsibilities, recruitment in business and outsourcing of recruitment agen cies. Moscardo et al, (2013) opined that recruitment as well as selection fits in to add value to the HR procedures. The recruitment process is defined as the capability of the organization in order to supply new employees, remain the organization operating as well as improving the quality of human capital. The quality of process of recruitment is major driver for happiness of the managers with the services offered by the human resources. Robbins et al., (2013) stated that goal of this process is to locate the best recruitment sources, hiring process and keep the organization competitive within the marketplace. The recruitment procedure of Wesfarmers requires a strong sustain by enthusiastic recruitment software solution. Buller and McEvoy (2012) argued that many of the vendors offer various recruitment software solutions; therefore the organization requires choosing the right solution in order to meet the organizational goals. Compensations and benefits of the employees McCauley et al., (2013) stated that the researcher is searching for the factors that would affect the performance of the employee. Purce (2014) argued that one of the best ways for production of the Wesfarmers is reward package for the employees. This compensation strategy enables the economic manpower in order to maximize income in return of great effort (Bratton Gold, 2012). It also attempts to employee motivation with productivity as well as output of the organization. Intrinsic paybacks in terms of rewards as well as compensation enhance the performance of the employees to some degree. Kehoe and Wright (2013) stated that the employees are motivated when they are given monetary rewards directly for their presentation. Antonioli, Mancinelli and Mazzanti (2013) investigated that there is a positive association between compensation as well as work performance. Bratton and Gold (2012) argued that sometimes, there arises a gender differences in pay raises such as women receive higher pay than men. One of the reasons is reduced stereotyping. Antonioli, Mancinelli and Mazzanti (2013) suggested that worn has lower base pay and increase in higher pay is due to difference in amount of information available to the decision markers. Purce (2014) argued that when managers have limited information, then it tends to make stereotypical judgements. Equity theory of motivation asserts that the employee is equally treated in the organization. This theory is based on the idea that the individuals are motivated by fairness. Shields et al., (2015) suggested that higher is the individuals perception of equity, the employees are more motivated, and if it is vice versa, then they are de-motivated. Equity theory is totally based on principle that the employees should put forth a particular employment of effort that they feel contrasts fairly to the financial rew ards that they obtain. Performance appraisal of the employees Baskerville and Wood-Harper (2016) investigated that employees are developing positive attitudes when they receive high favourable outcomes. The level of financial rewards such as amount of pay that the employees receive is found to be pessimistically related to their income levels. The social rewards give a positive influence of the job performance. Buller and McEvoy (2012) opined that the management should implement a control system which should reduce cost of labour by increasing performance standards as well as maintenance of wages. Resistance in form of strikes, high rate of grievance are found to be costly for the firm in terms of productivity as well as quality. The companies are influencing the employees perception of fairness as well as pay their employees by developing a reward strategy (Antonioli, Mancinelli Mazzanti, 2013). Rensis Likerts Participative Decision Making Theory is used by the organization so that they can demonstrate the effect of the HRM on the employees pe rformance (Kehoe Wright, 2013). The employees should participate into decision making process so that they can take important decisions regarding any important situations. Wesfarmers performance appraisal considers the goals of the appraisal system such as to improve the productivity, improvement of personnel decisions such as promotion, change of job. Bratton and Gold (2012) opined that in order to develop the appraisal of system for the organization, an entrepreneur is required to consider size of their employees, goals of company, measure performance, increase in pay, communication of appraisal system as well as performance planning. Need theory complements on the statement that in which outcomes motivate people in order to contribute valuable inputs to the job as well as perform at high levels. Robbins et al., (2013) suggested that using this theory, the organizational management should motivate the employees to fulfil their needs and wants. Training of the employees According to Baskerville and Wood-Harper (2016), training can influence the performance of the employees by improving their skills, knowledge as well as development in abilities to do task. The findings of the author reveal that the training plan influences the commitment of the organization, knowledge of participants as well as organization based self-esteem. Jiang et al., (2012) indicated that the training influences the performance of the managers as well as employees. Similarly, Purce (2014) found that training program raises the employee morale as well as increases their overall performance. This program allows the employees in order to acquire greater competencies which are required in order to perform jobs effectively as well as accurately as per the organizational requirements. Antonioli, Mancinelli and Mazzanti (2013) opined that training is given four basic grounds for the new candidates such as it familiarizes to the mission, vision, rules as well as regulations of the company. The existing employees are trained in order to enhance the knowledge. It also takes place when there is requirement for any amendments; it comes up with the changes. Finally, when career growth becomes important for the organization, then training should be given so that the employees prepare to share their responsibilities of higher level job. Shields et al., (2015) argued that due to importance of training program, a trainer can encounter resistance from both employees as well as managers. In order to successfully develop training as well as development program of the organization, the management should provide a job description upon which the activities of employee training is built. Training is mainly provided to meet with basic competencies of the job, and it is to be done by the supervisor. Research Methodology Research Philosophy While conducting a research, the research philosophy deals with the nature as well as development of knowledge. Collection of secondary data and engaged into the data analysis in order to reply to the research questions helps in creation of new knowledge (Baskerville Wood-Harper, 2016). In order to address research philosophy in the study involves in awareness as well as formulating of assumptions (O'Leary, 2013). There are three philosophies that are used such as positivism, realism and interpretivism. For this particular study, interpretivism is to be chosen as a research philosophy as this work depends on optional information gathering and this strategy is the best to check the experiences and the background of Wesfarmers. The secondary information ought to be gathered effectively with utilizing this theory (Buller McEvoy, 2012). Aside from this, the mistakes in the information investigation are likewise moderated effectively. Research Approach There are two types of research approach for this study such as deductive and inductive approach. In this particular research study, inductive approach is used. It starts with the research questions, aims as well as objectives that are required to achieve during the research process. It is considered as perfect for this study as it relates the examination point with research questions and it helps the examiner to do useful investigation with the gathered information. Research Design Ritchie et al., (2013) stated that this is the design which structure the scientific work for the study. It also gives direction of the research. The method which is chosen to do the data analysis will affect the results as well as concludes on the findings of the research. Most of the researchers are interested in getting the result through reliable observations which help them to understand the research topic as well as research questions. It is the course of action of the conditions to gather the information investigation of the information in such a methodology such, to the point that it expects to consolidate centrality to the motivation behind examination with the theoretical framework in the process (O'Leary, 2013). Mainly, there are three types of research design processes such as exploratory, explanatory as well as descriptive. In this particular study, descriptive research design is perfect as it helps to conclude the findings of the study. Utilization of this examination outline empowers to pick up data on the qualities of the specific individual to do the basic business work (Baskerville Wood-Harper, 2016). Through use of this specific examination plan, distinctive task variables are cleared and justifiable. Data collection procedure and methods Data collection procedure Mainly, there are two kinds of data collection procedures like quantitative and in addition qualitative methodology. The quantitative methodology includes the gathering of information that is putting the examination in formal too rigid technique. The qualitative methodology depends on the techniques for subjective assessment of suppositions and additionally states of mind (Ritchie et al., 2013). Utilizing this approach, the investigator can do inside and out examination on the exploration point and do analysis on the gathering data from publicly available sources like case studies of Wesfarmers, websites of the company and many others. In this specific exploration concentrate on, the information is dissected utilizing the subjective information accumulation methodology to comprehend the HRM practices for employees performance in Wesfarmers. Data collection method In this particular study, secondary data collection method is used. The data are collected by means in order to overcome with difficulties to gain access to the managers with a sample group those have approaches pertaining to the research questions. The data for the secondary data are collected from the publicly available sources like case studies of Wesfarmers, websites of the company, press articles, financial reports of the company, journals, published interviews and news releases. Ritchie et al., (2013) identified some of the benefits of the secondary data collection method are much of the data are available within public domain. Due to selection of public cases on the company, the cases ensure the validity of the data as well as findings. As the data are open to the public scrutiny, therefore they are of high standard (O'Leary, 2013). It is the skill of the experts that the annual reports of the company are offered of high quality which gives high-quality HRM strategies of the c ompany. References Antonioli, D., Mancinelli, S., Mazzanti, M. (2013). Is environmental innovation embedded within high-performance organisational changes? The role of human resource management and complementarity in green business strategies.Research Policy,42(4), 975-988. Baskerville, R. L., Wood-Harper, A. T. (2016). A critical perspective on action research as a method for information systems research. InEnacting Research Methods in Information Systems: Volume 2(pp. 169-190). Springer International Publishing. Bratton, J., Gold, J. (2012).Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Buller, P. F., McEvoy, G. M. (2012). Strategy, human resource management and performance: Sharpening line of sight.Human resource management review,22(1), 43-56. Jiang, K., Lepak, D. P., Han, K., Hong, Y., Kim, A., Winkler, A. L. (2012). Clarifying the construct of human resource systems: Relating human resource management to employee performance.Human Resource Management Review,22(2), 73-85. Jiang, K., Lepak, D. P., Hu, J., Baer, J. C. (2012). How does human resource management influence organizational outcomes? A meta-analytic investigation of mediating mechanisms.Academy of management Journal,55(6), 1264-1294. Kehoe, R. R., Wright, P. M. (2013). The impact of high-performance human resource practices on employees attitudes and behaviors.Journal of management,39(2), 366-391. McCauley, C. D., Derue, D. S., Yost, P. R., Taylor, S. (2013).Experience-driven leader development: Models, tools, best practices, and advice for on-the-job development. John Wiley Sons. Moscardo, G., Lamberton, G., Wells, G., Fallon, W., Lawn, P., Rowe, A., ... Renouf, M. (2013).Sustainability in Australian business: Principles and practice. Wiley-Blackwell. O'Leary, Z. (2013).The essential guide to doing your research project. Sage. Purce, J. (2014). The impact of corporate strategy on human resource management.New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals),67. Rae, K., Sands, J., Gadenne, D. L. (2015). Associations between organisations motivated workforce and environmental performance.Journal of Accounting Organizational Change,11(3), 384-405. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C. M., Ormston, R. (Eds.). (2013).Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Robbins, S., De Cenzo, D., Coulter, M., Woods, M. (2013).Management: the essentials. Pearson Higher Education AU. Shields, J., Brown, M., Kaine, S., Dolle-Samuel, C., North-Samardzic, A., McLean, P., ... Plimmer, G. (2015).Managing Employee Performance Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press.

Titration Lab Write Up free essay sample

Abstract The purpose of this experiment is to determine the concentration of acetic acid in vinegar by using 0.1 M HCl and NaOH solution. By performing three titrations to determine the concentration of the base, the concentration of the acid was determined to be 0.600 M. It was possible to determine its concentration by standardizing the sodium hydroxide solution used for the first three titrations and by using phenolphthalein to indicate its equivalence point. In conclusion, although there were sources of error, the hypothesis was proven correct by the efficiency of the procedures and the accuracy of the results obtained. Introduction In chemistry, titration is a common laboratory technique that is used to determine the concentration of a substance in a solution. It is performed by neutralizing the solution with the same volume of either an acid or base with a known concentration. (â€Å"Titration.† American Heritage Science Dictionary. 2010) Once the neutralization is complete, the concentration is determined by using the formula MAVA = MBVB. We will write a custom essay sample on Titration Lab Write Up or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The basis of this process is that there are three known values and one unknown value. However, how is the concentration of a substance in a solution determined when there is another unknown value? An experiment was created with the purpose of answering this question by performing three titrations to obtain the value of one unknown concentration and using this value to determine the concentration of the acid used. Hypothesis If three titrations are performed using 0.1 M HCl and NaOH solution to obtain the molarity of the base, then this information can be used because by titrating the vinegar with the now known concentrated base, the concentration of the acetic acid can be determined. Materials and Methods All materials were gathered including a buret, graduated cylinder, stopcock, phenolphthalein, an Erlenmeyer flask, sodium hydroxide solution and hydrochloric solution. The buret and graduated cylinder were rinsed with water and any excess water draining out of the buret was discarded. To start the titration process the stopcock was closed and the buret was filled with sodium hydroxide until it reached the 0 mL mark. To measure approximately 10 mL of HCl solution, a graduated cylinder was used and this acid was placed into an Erlenmeyer flask. Its exact volume was recorded as well the initial reading of the sodium hydroxide in the buret. The acid was added to the flask by slowly opening the stopcock. During this step, the solution was constantly swirled to mix the acid with the base and caution was taken care of the solution’s color by immediately closing the stopcock once it reached a permanent pink color. Once the solution reached its endpoint, the readi ng was recorded and this procedure was repeated for the next three titrations. One exception was that during the fourth titration, 5.1 mL of the vinegar or acidic solution was used instead of 10 mL After all four titrations were completed, all materials were rinsed thoroughly. Results Trial # VA VB 1 10.00 mL At start: 0 mL At finish: 4.6 mL VB: 4.6 mL 2 10.00 mL At start: 4.6 mL At finish: 8.8 mL VB: 4.2 mL 3 10.00 mL At start: 8.8 mL At finish: 13.7 mL VB: 4.9 mL Vinegar 5.100 mL At start: 13.7 mL At finish: 27.0 mL VB: 13.3 mL The results show that for the first three trials, 10.00 mL of the same acid was titrated with sodium hydroxide. 4.6 mL of the base was used to titrate the acid after the first trial, 4.2 mL after the second trial and 4.9 mL after the third trial. For the final trial, 5.100 mL of vinegar was used as the acidic solution and 13.3 mL of the base titrated it. Calculations Trial #1 = 0.217 M NaOH MaVa = MbVb (0.1)(10.00) = (x)(4.6) → 0.217 Trial #2 = 0.238 M NaOH MaVa = MbVb → (0.1)(10.00) = (x)(4.2) → 0.238 Trail #3 = 0.204 M NaOH MaVa = MbVb → (0.1)(10.00) = (x)(4.9) → 0.204 0.217 + 0.238 + 0.204 3 = 0.220 Average Mb = 0.220 M NaOH MaVa = MbVb → (x)(5.1) = (0.220)(13.3) → 5.1x = 2.926 → x=0.574 Ma = 0.600 M Determining the Legality of the Vinegar Used g 1.1 L = 1.0 g → 1.5 L = 1500 g Discussion During the experiment, certain materials and methods were used to determine the concentration of the acetic acid in vinegar such as titration, phenolphthalein to indicate the equivalence point and standardizing the sodium hydroxide solution before performing the first three titrations. Titration was used to determine the concentration of the acidic solution by neutralizing it with a basic solution with a known concentration. Then, the volume of the base, concentration of the base and the volume of the acid were plugged into the formula, MAVA = MBVB. Phenolphthalein was used by indicating when the solution reached its equivalence point by turning its color to a permanent pink. Any other indicator such as methyl orange wouldn’t have worked out as well because when it would change the solution’s color to indicate the equivalence point, it wouldn’t be clear whether the solution was acidic or basic since its color would be the same as its initial color. The equivalence point is the point at which the acid and base are equal. Every neutralization reaction reaches this point since these types of reactions require equal amounts of both the acid and base in order to neutralize each other. Finally, it was important to standardize the sodium hydroxide solution in order to titrate the solution of vinegar because it helped avoid any other additional dependent variables and served as a constant during the experiment. If different amounts of the NaOH solution were used during the titrations, then inaccurate results would have been obtained since the concentration of the acid would have been calculated incorrectly. The obtained concentration of the acetic acid in vinegar was 0.600 M. According to legal terms, for vinegar to be legal, it must contain at least 4% acetic acid. The amount of acetic acid in legal vinegar is equal to at least 1 mole. However by using the formula for determining the molarity of a substance and a simple proportion, it was found that the vinegar used during the experiment was not legal. Conclusion The significance of the results is that they proved our hypothesis correct by showing that the procedures used did achieve the purpose of the experiment by successfully helping us determine the concentration of acetic acid in vinegar. Although the obtained concentration was off by 25% compared to the expected concentration, the results were accurate in that they showed the molarity of the acid was fairly higher than the concentration of the base used because a lesser volume of the acid was used than the base. This percent error may have occurred due to a source of error found in the stopcock. A leakage of the NaOH solution through the stopcock may have resulted in inaccurate recordings of the volumes of the base used in each trial and therefore a lower concentration of the acetic acid was calculated. An improvement that can be made to the experiment is by opening the stopcock just a little so that only drops of the NaOH solution would fall into the flask. Even though it would take longer to complete the experiment this way, this would help achieve more accurate results.

Ceramic Masks essays

Ceramic Masks essays Since the earliest times masks have played an important role in the culture of Africa. Masks have varied in appearance and function. Many masks are associated with religious ceremonies, myth, dance, rituals or are concerned with spirits of the dead, rites, or even curing sickness. The mask has been used by the Africans mainly to solve major human and social problems. When a man wears a mask his identity is hidden and the expression on the mask projects a new identity. If the features on the mask are unnatural such as an abstract from an animal, it will make the mask emit a more effective and dramatic identity. Because the person is wearing a mask the human identity is hidden so the viewer is unsettled, this causes the man wearing the mask to be strange or unpredictable, this leads the viewer to become fascinated so the masked man can deceive the viewer. Masks representing harmful spirits were often used to keep a required balance of power. This type of mask was often associated with secret societies, especially in Africa, which has the greatest variety of masks on Earth. In ancient Egypt priests used masks to represent gods. Masks were also placed upon the face of mummies to keep alive the appearance of the deceased after death or to give a boost to him and his image. Masks use different facial features such as idealizing human features, frightening features, animal features and naturalistic features to give a deeper meaning to what the mask is meant to express. Masks were often used as a form of ranking in villages, for example a mighty warrior who is known to have a lot of strength would be presented with a mask that would describe this type of strength (e.g. a wolfs mask) whereas the villages leader would have a distinct mask that no one else has, as a symbol of his power and status in the elite, e.g. (an eagles mask). Masks may also be used to help identify the members of a village or tri ...

CCEI083W Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CCEI083W - Essay Example I also maintain good communication with my preschooler’s parents in order to guarantee their well being. Finally, I ensure that I am in a good position to discuss problematic behaviours of my preschoolers with their parents in a positive, helpful manner. In order to encourage family involvement in classroom activities, I encourage parents to be clients of the program. This grants them a chance to say what they like or do not like about the program. They also offer bright ideas by acting as clients to the program. Also, I request the parents of my preschoolers to volunteers to some of the school programs. For instance, I ask some of the parents to help in serving snacks for students or contribute toys that they think might help their children learn. Finally, I have included myself on the teacher-parent association in order to contribute to the local politics that parents bring up concerning their children’s learning. Through this, I share with the parents the importance of their children’s learning. I support the relationships of my preschoolers and their families by incorporating both classroom activities and home activities that include both the student and their parents. Such activities ensure that they children and their parents have worked together to complete the assignment. For instance, during sports day, I ask the parent to run for a designated distance while carrying their infants. I give my students assignments concerning their parents, whom they have to ask in order to complete it. Such assignments include briefly describing what your mother or father does at work or how their parents’ childhood was. I also provide a diary for parents to sign to ensure that their child has completed his/her homework given. This will ensure that the parent has checked to ensure that the homework was tackled successfully. Whenever parents to my preschoolers’ parents are in school, I

History of Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

History of Art - Essay Example His originality revealed itself in abundant forms, comprising oil portraits, statue, sketch and architecture1. Circumstances of his work Blue passe His work between 1901 and 1904 introduced him to the global audience. He painted circumstantial extracts of entertainers, beggars, and prostitutes, all in tenors of blue2. He was inclined by his journey over Spain, and by the suicide of his friend Carlos Casagemas, who committed suicide by firing himself in the veracious temple on February17, 1901. This dramatic event influenced his paintings greatly, with numerous paintings of the deceased. The most renowned work during this era was â€Å"self-portrait† in 1901, and â€Å"La vie† in 1903. This period in his career is referred to as the blue period. His work was submersed in blue, with this particular coloring passing on a gloomy tone. As one of the founders of modern art, the blue period marvelous manifestation of poetic refinement and subjective melancholy greatly contribu ted to the evolution of Picasso’s style from classicism to abstract art. Rose Passe Amid 1905 and 1906, his work arose to ease significantly, conveying in an idiosyncratic fawn or rose nature. The subject matter also is not as much of misery. This transformation in subject material and palette might ought to been due to his more contented conditions, for he was in a relationship with a married woman named Fernande Olivier, whom turned down his marriage proposal for she was already married, but stayed his mistress for nine years. This period ensued in a chief portrait called La Famille de Saltimbanques, or the Acrobats in 1905. This painting displays a family of entertainers on what appears like to be desolate scenery or a desert. Other significant portraits during this era include, Garcon a la Pipe 1904, La Toilette 1906, and Harlem 1906. Many experts agree that Harlem was the precursor to his famous Les Demoiselles D’Avignon. Encounter of Cubism Towards the end of 190 6, he started to splatter in a justly innovative style. He was stirred by Cezanne’s compacted portrayal of space, and working together with his friend George Braque, he arose to direct space in powerfully geometrical footings. Cezanne was not predominantly concerned in generating an impression of depth in his portrait and he abandoned the custom of perception drawing. George Braque had considered Cezanne’s method of demonstrating three dimensions. With this knowledge, he and Picasso became good friends, and by making use of numerous viewpoints, they attained the notion of representing an object as perceived from diverse views unconventionally. These efforts are the beginning of cubism. Les Demoiselles d’Avignon signifies Picasso’s epoque nerge, which was stimulated by African art and edges the first stage in Cubism, which is called analytical cubism. Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, is a biased painting of five nude women in postures evocative of sexual invite. Analysts argue it is a representation of the ferocity and hostility inherent in sexuality. Rough line sketch, primeval and immature, in which the women in the painting have conventional faces and gazing eyes, depicts pure naivety of majority of women in that era. On the other hand, critics argue that Picasso envisioned it to be a very provocative image, suggesting the inborn

Compare and contrast of the knight and wife of baths tale from the Essay

Compare and contrast of the knight and wife of baths tale from the canterbury tales - Essay Example The family institution is grounded by marriage; the institution of two individuals or partners with an aim of procreating and nurturing the wellbeing of their children while observing the set standards by the society. Romance on the other hand strengthens the marriage institution as a subset of love; a virtue necessary for the coexistence of family members and society at large. Majority of the society members will always look forward to love from family members and society at large and romance from their partners with which not only serves as the basic course of occupations but basis of identification and a sense of belonging. Romance and love comes with responsibilities for each of the stakeholders which vary with gender and the aspirations of the specific unit that is the family or the society (Heng, 2). The Wife of Bath and the Knight’s tales revolve around romance, love, relationships and the responsibilities that come with each set of relationships; appreciative and punit ive and this paper will seek to compare and contrast the two tales with reference to thematic presentation, morals and responsibilities, love and romance. Socially, the two tales bring out the importance of love and romance to the survival of the society in that lack of romance and love can lead to social vices which have long term repercussions to the errant and the society. For instance, in the Wife of Bath’s tale a knight who had raped a fair young maiden is faced with death penalty according to the society’s set standards and which sets path for the repercussions he faces in the tale. In the Knight’s tale the importance of love and romance in for social identity and sense of belonging is brought out whereby cousins Arcite and Palamon; who were imprisoned by Theseu, the Duke of Athens after inventions against Creon, falls in love with the same girl, Emelye. The power and value relationships, romance, love and the quest for identity and sense of belonging are brought out in the hate that these two cousins develop for each other over the girl and the â€Å"mass judicial tournament† that they engage in all for the winner to give the girl a hand in marriage. Though the scenarios in the two tales differ in the perspective of the responsibilities, they converge to one point of romance and love and the need for identity. For instance, in the Wife of Bath’s tale responsibilities assigned to the knight are punitive compared to the Knight’s tale which though punitive in the sense of mass tournament, they are appreciative in that the end results are explicitly defined. Thematically the two tales differ in that the Wife of Bathcritically evaluates the value of romance and details aspects of society’s aspirations such as antifeminism, behavior in marriage, economics of love and female dominance unlike the Knight’s tale which focuses much on romance. For instance, in the Wife of Bath, when the Knight was about to be prosecuted, Queen Guinevere intercedes and passes the judgment instead of the king; a move that introduced the aspects of female dominance, sought out to bring out the role of women in the society and their influence in matters of love and marriage, and sexuality themes. For example, when the knight was asked to discover for the queen what women desire most, for exchange of death penalty he was to receive; it is

Banner in the Sky by James Ramsey Ullman Essay -- essays research pape

The book that I have read chose to review is Banner in the Sky by James Ramsey Ullman. James ramsey Ullman was born in New York City in 1907. His highest-honored book was Banner in the Sky, but four of his books, including this one, were made into major motion pictures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main characters of this story are Rudi Matt, Franz Lerner, Frau Matt, John Winter, and Emil Saxo. Rudi is the son of the legendary mountain guide of the Alps, Josef Matt. He has mountain climbing in his blood and is destined to become a guide. He is the main character of the story. Franz Lerner is Rudi’s uncle. He was with Josef Matt hours before he died while trying to climb the Citadel, and now he is looking out for Rudi. Frau Matt is Rudi’s mother. She does not want Rudi to become a guide like his father because she fears that he will die the same way. John winter is a famous guide in Switzerland. Rudi saved his life and now Winter wants him to climb the Citadel with him. Emil Saxo is a famous Swiss guide form the village of Broli. Winter asks him to be the guide for the journey up the Citadel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rudi Matt has been given a chance to avenge his father’s death when Capt. John Winter asks him to climb the Citadel, the last unconquered peak in the Alps, along with him. Rudi is eager to do it but he cannot get consent from his mother, so he lies and tells Winter that he can go. They start up the Citadel with the famous guide Emil Saxo, who is also ve...

History of Greek Theatre Essay

Greek theatre took place in large amphitheaters. The actors were a chorus and their leader. There was not multiple characters as we now have today. The leader was the main and only character. At this time the lines were more chanted than spoken. Masks were worn to represent characters and high-soled boots worn to add height to actors. Greek drama was dominated by the works and innovations of five playwrights for over 200 years. The first three of these wrote tragedies. In these ancient tragedies many new innovations came to light that are still used today in theatre. One was the concept of a second actor, expanding the possibilities for plot and interactions with characters. Then came the third actor which expanded this even more. The role of the chorus in Greek drama shrunk so that the characters could more develop. The last two Greek playwrights focused on comedies. Throughout the history of theatre, comedies, made up of current standards for humor, have not survived the ages as well as tragedy. The popularity of these first comedies and the diminishing appeal of tragedy to the audiences of the time, can also be seen as a comment on the role which theatre plays in society at large. Tragedy was at its height in Greek society when that society was at its height. Comedy was most popular during the decline of Greek government The Romans took much from Greek theatre. Although Roman theatre may not be held in the same high esteem as that of the Greeks, we have inherited much from the influence of the Roman Theatre. One odd example is the word â€Å"play† itself, which came from Latin translation of the word ludus, which means recreation or play. Roman theatre had two parts: Fabula Palliata and Fabula Togata. Fabula Palliata consisted of mostly translations of Greek plays into Latin. It was here that the idea of subplot was introduced. This helped plays contrast the reactions of different sets of characters to the same events or circumstances. The Fabula Togata were more about broadly absurd situations and humor of a physical nature. Rome theatre consisted primarily of Fabula. Plays of a more serious literary nature continued to be written, but these were not intended to be performed. They were more to be read or recited. The influence of the Roman world on the form of the stage is one  which had a more lasting effect. The greatest impact Rome may have had on the theatre was to lower it in the esteem of the Church, an impact that would slow the growth of the dramatic arts for several centuries. The inclination toward low comedy combined with its association and the entertainment of the arena contributed to its disfavor by officials of the early Christian Church. Plays were associated with either comedy of a coarse nature, or with pagan rituals and holidays. It was the latter that accounts for the survival of theatre through the Middle Ages. It was written that theatre died following the fall of the Roman Empire, and its memory was kept alive only in the performances of roving bands of street players, jugglers, acrobats and animal trainers. However, while such groups did help to maintain certain aspects of theatrical art, the Church was a major contributor to the preservation of theatre. It is ironic that the Church, which caused theatres to be outlawed as the Roman Empire declined, was one of the primary means of keeping theatre alive through the Middle Ages. This resulted from the Church’s need to establish itself in the community. The Church began to use dramatic form to illustrate the stories underlying holidays so as to reinforce their religious origins and to better communicate the stories to an illiterate congregation. At first the parts played in these simple religious re-enactments were acted out by priests in the sanctuary of the church. The members of the congregation clearly enjoyed and were moved by these presentations. The dramas continued to grow, moving out of the sanctuary and into the open air in front of the Church. Ultimately, the members of town began to contribute to these dramas. Which continued to grow more elaborate with time. Known as passion plays, miracle plays and morality plays, they continued their close connection with the Church and church holidays, but began to introduce elements of characters that were more contemporary in nature.

Understanding Race and Racism

Fate vs. Freedom Essay - 1046 Words

Fate may state what will be in ones life however, how that destiny comes about is a matter of mans own choice. In other words, incidents dont occur because our destinies are written. In the play Macbeth, Shakespeare expertly uses the theme of fate vs. free will and raises the pre-eminent question of which holds power over the characters. In Shakespeare’s tragedy, fate is not the cause of his downfall, his own desires and choices prove to be the deciding factor. There are several examples of fate playing a distinctive role in the lives of Macbeth’s players. The main catalysts behind fate are the three witches seen intermittingly throughout the production. During their second appearance, they share this harrowing truth with the†¦show more content†¦80-81). All three of these declarations prove to be true in the end. The final fate of Macbeth is depicted in these three lines. The apparitions correctly reveal Macduff, a son born of cesarean section, will strike down Macbeth in cold blood, after the trees of the forest will be cut down by the English army and used as camouflage. Fate plays the role of suggestion, but with every prophecy and â€Å"pre-determined† event, there is a subsequent set of actions and choices by the persons involved to ultimately arrive at the destination. The forecast of kingship spurred Macbeth to action, which caused him to fulfill, through his own free will, though influenced by the witches’ suggestions of a possible kingship, his own predictions. The witches themselves possess no real power to ensure that their predictions come to pass. Macbeth also replies later: quot;If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me, / Without my stirquot; (I.iii. 144). This seems to indicate that he doesnt regard the witches as the voice of fate, but of chance. He believes he has choice in the matter. The witches tempted him, but it was his own ambition that led him to commit the crime. Macbeth eventually decides that quot;chancequot; needs some help, and so he murders Duncan. Another example of freewill is Macbeth arranging the death of Banquo and his sons. quot;I will give you a job whose execution will take your enemy off. Both of you know Banquo is your enemy? ...Show MoreRelatedThe Value Of Leadership In Oedipus Rex By Sophocles1326 Words   |  6 Pagesbut falls down to a blind, â€Å"poor soul† who â€Å"lacks force, and guidance† (page 46). While the action seems to move quickly, it emphasizes the dramatic effect, which is the idea that fate is fate and free will can result in consequences. If the action were to occur over a longer period of time, the effect of avoiding fate would not be as significant. The setting also remains the same, â€Å"before the Royal Palace at Thebes† (page 1). 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I will explain some of the examples Ayer uses to explain the difference between cause and being constrained, and how both affect one’s free will. I will also discuss on why Ayer’s compatibilism solution to the dilemma is the best solution so far. According to A.J. Ayer,Read MoreThe Play Antigone By Sophocles1085 Words   |  5 Pagesthe reader. One of which is Individual vs State as Antigone goes against Creon s rule. This act of defiance is due to the feeling by an individual that what they believe is correct over that of a states law. This theme when applied to modern times can be interpreted as government vs personal freedoms. A person will always act on the values that they have and on those values souly, even when that is against the laws set in place. 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The theme of â€Å"free will vs determinism† can be seen throughout the play, and it raises some very important questions. Questions that are very difficult to answer and have troubled even the most famous of philosophers for many millennia. Is there suchRead MoreOedipus The King : The Dramatic Twist Of Fate1148 Words   |  5 Pageslater translated by Dudley Fitts and Robert Fitzgerald which still conveyed the dramatic twist of fate in this historic play. The introduction of this play begins with Oedipus’s father Laïos, King of Thebes, being warned through a prophecy that his son will kill him and marry his wife Iocaste, Queen of Thebes. Knowing that this could be his future Laïos try his best to change his fate, not knowing his fate was already doomed. Unable to kill his own son, Laïos orders one of his herdsmen to his threeRead MoreMy House, And Household Apples1637 Words   |  7 Pageshero devoted to protecting Earth s fate. General Zod, a citizen of Krypton and its military leader, looks at Earth s fate differently and decides to use Earth to recreate Krypton. Superman, with help from the military and news reporter, Lois Lane, band together to stop Zod from destroying the human race. Synchronic elements of any action movie are danger, loved ones threatened with harm, conflict-internal or external that the main character has to overcome, good vs. evil, and an enemy of some sortRead MoreRacial Differences Between African Americans And Europeans1326 Words   |  6 Pagesand no country can stand to say that they do not play a part in such manipulations. Therefore, reading â€Å"Playing in the Dark,† is a bit strange compared to everything done in class because this book focused on America. A country well-known for its freedom and its democratic beliefs. A country that supposedly fights for the rights of not only our people, but the people of other countries as well. So as this class focused on countries like England towards India, Spain towards Mexico, Belgium towardsRead MoreMyers Briggs Type Indicator ( Mbti )1053 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent ways, to determine ones personality type the MBTI test can be calculated to allow one to know which personality g roup they accompany (Myersbriggs.org, 2016). The test determines whether a person is Extrovert Vs Introvert, Sensing Vs Intuitive, Thinking, Vs Feeling, and Judging Vs Perceiving. Through this test I was placed in the ENFP group which stands for Extrovert, Intuitive, Feeling and Perceiving. ENFP are people who get there energy from others around them who are sociable, that prefer

To What Extent Is a Focus on Metaphor and Symbol Central...

To what extent is a focus on metaphor and symbol central to an analysis and understanding of Douglas Dunn’s poetry? (The Kaleidoscope/Sandra’s Mobile/Second Opinion) It is considered more difficult for a poet to grab the attention and imagination of an audience than it is for an author. The use of metaphor and symbol in poetry means that the poet can say one thing and invoke a whole range of possibilities, be it love, anger, jealousy or envy; an old memory or a new wish. The use of metaphors and symbols enables the audience to see what they believe Dunn meant, by imaging his true meaning of a word. The three poems I have chosen to study are: ‘’The Kaleidoscope’’, ‘’Sandra’s Mobile’’ and ‘’Second Opinion’’. These are all part of the†¦show more content†¦Throughout the poem, Dunn recollects and remembers the memories, however, the use of the word ‘’wait’’ could symbolise the wait involved in grieving, finally accepting that your loved one is gone and beginning to piece your life back together. The repetition of ‘waitâ €™ in line 13, in reference to an absurd forgiveness shows us that Dunn blames himself for his Wife’s death, and it symbolises the amount of guilt he is carrying, especially when combined with the line above in which Dunn begins to resort to desperation through the use of the verb ‘offering me’ followed by the triad ‘my flesh, my soul, my skin’ which could symbolise the ultimate sacrifice. In line 7, ‘A symmetry of husbands, each redesigned’ shows the imperfections that Dunn believes he has, not even symmetry, the idea of an exactness to two halves, could stop Dunn being redesigned. It could also symbolise, through the idea of husbands, the huge workload that was placed on one man. This links with the triads placed in the poem, the idea of constant simultaneous actions, ‘stand, and wait, and cry’, ‘foresight, prayer and hope’, having to juggle the knowledge of The ‘tray’ mentioned in line 1 and line 10, could symbolise the idea of slavery, to be carrying a tray, responding to every movement and request, and yet, the reader can see that Dunn does what he does out of love, he puts himself through unimaginable turmoil to prolong the time

Diana Di Prima Free Essays

Najla Alameldin Professor Wheat English 106 03-21-2011 A Cultural Criticism on Diane DiPrima’s â€Å"The Practice of Magical Evocation† As a young girl growing up in an Italian American family, DiPrima began to witness expectations that she did not like about her culture. At eight years old she experienced her first expectation as a female in her family but this was not an expectation she felt positively on. In an interview given by David Hadbawnik, DiPrima says that one day her mother was very sick and couldn’t get out of bed; she called for DiPrima and said to her, â€Å"You let that man wash a dish. We will write a custom essay sample on Diana Di Prima or any similar topic only for you Order Now DiPrima says, that at that moment she thought her mother was crazy and that the only thing on her mind was â€Å"What do you mean, I let him was a dish? You know, he’s the grown up. † Females growing up in Italian American households in the 1950s and 1960s were expected to learn the duties of their mothers. These duties included those activities that were confined to the home such as the typical cooking and cleaning. In an interview with David Hadbawnik, DiPrima says that women in Italian American families sat inferior to the men of their household while the men were considered to be a â€Å"luxury. Daughters of Italian American families were also expected to never leave home before marriage; marriage to that of an Italian or Italian American man. There was to be no sexual relationships outside of marriage and sexual relations within marriage were to be kept secret. Raised in this Italian American household; Diane DiPrima did not rise to the standards set by her cultu re and flouted many of her family’s rules and beliefs. However she later helped redefine the expectations of an Italian American woman through her literature. When viewing Diane DiPrima’s â€Å"The Practice of Magical Evocation† through a cultural lens of women in 1950’s and 60’s Italian American households, it is evident that the text counteracts this culture by discussing her own sexuality and putting women on a higher pedestal of power. In â€Å"The Practice of Magical Evocation,† Diane DiPrima expresses her sexuality freely and prominently. She is frank, even blatant, about sex that in her own girlhood were kept private to the point of secrecy (Kirschenbaum 61). That she was a young, Italian American woman, in 1969, having sex at all and outside of marriage, and writing about it is what remains so remarkable even today (Quinn 178). In her poem, she chooses to put a quote by Gary Snyder before her own actual text. The quotes states, â€Å"The female is fertile, and discipline (contra naturam) only confuses her† (361). The choosing of this quote declines her parental and cultures’ standards and foreshadows the sexual expression in her poem. For DiPrima, sexual liberation is freedom from the old world of Italian American ethics, and into the new world of permission to do, say and be who she wants to be, and then to write about it (Quinn 179). Aside from flouting her family’s and culture’s conventions, DiPrima’s greatest transgression may be that she dares to write about herself in the first place. As Mary Jo Bona reminds us: â€Å"the fact that the Italian American woman†¦has chosen writing to express the self illustrates her ability to break away from traditional emphasis on family, one that implicitly enforces silence upon its members to insure that its family secrets are kept. This code of silence, a common theme in Italian American literature, is explicitly feminized in DiPrima’s literature, DiPrima talks about herself as possessing an actual body, with body parts, and bodily functions and pleasures (Quinn 178). In a line of her poem, DiPrima says, â€Å"the female is ductile and (s troke after stroke) built for masochistic calm† (361). Here DiPrima is saying that the body of a female is built to be molded for sex and is also built so that we gain the sexual gratification that depends on physical pain. DiPrima expresses this because instead of remaining untouched until marriage like her culture implies, she rather be with who she wants and when she wants, and apply her body to what it is built for. DiPrima goes far beyond revealing the secrets about family, to unveiling the very secrets of Italian American womankind, not in the persona of the immaculate, mysterious Virgin Mary, but to the menstruating, independent, orgasm-seeking Diane (Quinn 179). She is having sex with multiple partners, male and female, and perhaps most egregious of all, having these relationships with non-Italians. Throughout the century, the overwhelming majority of Italian American women in the United States married at least once, as did most women; however, also well into this century, Italian American women were still mostly marrying other Italians. (Quinn 178). Another line in Diane DiPrima’s poem that reveals her sexual liberation is, â€Å"†¦and pelvic architecture functional assailed inside out (bring forth) the cunt gets wide and relatively sloppy bring forth men†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In this line DiPrima is actually explaining what happens during sex and is extremely blunt when writing it. To DiPrima the activity of sex was exciting. In the interview with David Hadbawnik, DiPrima says, â€Å"I used to think of going to bed with someone as an adventure, each thing was different, each person was different, and I think what helped to find my physicality was to explore someone else’s physicality. In this poem, Diane DiPrima also expresses her power as an Italian American woman. In the Interview with David Hadbawnik, DiPrima explains that, growing up in her parents’ household men were considered a luxury in the way that you couldn’t rely on them for basics, but they were there with brilliant ideas and often lots of excitement. DiPrima did not agree with this. The message sent from her family and culture in turn made her not always want a man around; she gained power this way. She didn’t want a man always there to tell her what to do or act as if he was above her. Instead, she learned the pluses and minuses of having a man around and realized that she could have her pick of guys and have them when she tells them they could come over. Diane DiPrima also expressed her power as an Italian American woman by taking her independence before it was actually given to her. It was DiPrima’s stance, to live as though the women’s sexual revolution had already been accomplished – to separate sex from marriage and marriage from childrearing, and to improvise a quasi-familial supportive network (Kirschenbaum 64). In the poem, when DiPrima says, â€Å"the female is ductile† (361) she could be saying this with a double meaning. It could mean as I said earlier, that the female body can be molded. However, it could also mean that women can undergo change and form without breaking, expressing that women are powerful and strong in the way that they can withstand anything. Another part of the poem that subtly shows the power of DiPrima as an Italian American woman is when she says, â€Å"†¦bring forth men†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (361). In the interview with David Hadbawnik, DiPrima says, â€Å"Yet as the same time, there were six daughters and one son that he had – the six daughters and my grandmother constantly were working around him and his ideals to keep things going. † Throughout DiPrima’s childhood she was taught and had witnessed that women listen to and follow the men. But in these couple of words from her poem, she expresses that it’s herself that brings a man to her. Through her literature, DiPrima not only shows the power she has as a woman but also shows the power in her words. During a meeting with her uncle, DiPrima says, â€Å"It is power that I am talking about, the use and abuse of power, power and secrecy and deals made in the dark. Coils of the unsaid winding through our lives, tangling and tripping us, holding the fabric together (David Hadbawnik Interview). This is one of the themes of DiPrima’s literature. It expresses how she discovered and learned to use power for herself; the powers of words and her power as a woman. In the poem she repeats the phrase, â€Å"the female is ductile. † This is a way that DiPrima performs the power of her words. She does this in order to illustrate the power and significance that these words should display to the reader. Diane DiPrima’s discussions of her rebellion against the beliefs of her family and culture through her literature soon gave Italian American women and also women in general the stepping stone to expressing freedom of themselves; freedom to express their sexuality when and how they wanted, and the power to be whoever they sought out to be. How to cite Diana Di Prima, Essay examples

Research Process - Theoretical Framework & Hypothesis Development

Question: The Social Network The growing use of social network sites (such as facebook) and online communities (such as for instance the Apple Computer community, the community of Harley-Davidson riders, and the community of Starbucks customers) provides exciting opportunities for organizations. Online brand communities allow organizations to engage and interact with customers, obtain market information, sell and advertise products, rapidly disseminate information, develop long-term relationships with the community, and eventually to influence consumers' preferences and behavior (Dholakia and Bagozzi, 2001, Dholakia, Bagozzi, and Pearo, 2004, Franke and Shah, 2003, Muniz and Schau, 2005, Tedjamulia, Olsen, Dean, and Albrecht, 2005). "Brand community" is a term that is used to describe like-minded consumers who identify with a particular brand and share significant traits, such as for instance "a shared consciousness, rituals, traditions, and a sense of moral responsibility" (Muniz and O'Guinn, 2001, p. 412). Onl ine brand communities are based on their core value - the brand - and grow by building relationships with and among members interested in the brand (Jang et al. 2008). There are several possible categorizations of online brand communities, but they are generally grouped into two categories based on who initiates and manages the community; (1) company-initiated communities, built by the company that owns the brand and (2) user-initiated communities, voluntarily built by their members (that is, the consumer) (e.g., Armstrong and Nagel 1996; Kozinets 1999). These two types of brand communities provide different opportunities for marketers. For instance, a brand community on a company website is one of the key determinants of attracting consumers to and retaining customers on the website (Nysveen and Pedersen, 2004). Consumer-initiated online brand communities may provide consumers with useful information about other consumers' experiences with the product or service and the strengths and weaknesses of products or services (Jang et al. 2008). The success of online brand communities is heavily dependent on consumer participation in the online brand community. To determine why consumers participate in online brand communities business student Jesse Eisenberg has developed a model based on extant service marketing literature. The main idea in this literature is that perceived value and satisfaction are antecedents of the intention to use a product or service (Anderson, Fornell, and Lehmann 1994; Bolton and Drew 1991; Gronroos 1990; Hocutt 1998; Kang, Lee, and Choi 2007; Ravald and Gronroos 1996). Jesse wants to apply this idea to consumer participation in online brand communities. According to Jesse, "members will probably be satisfied with an online brand community and have the intention to participate in the community when they derive value from the community. Therefore it is important to know which values members may derive from participating in an online brand community." A thorough review of the literature has convinced Jesse that participation in online brand communities depends on the communities' perceived informational value, self-discovery value, social interactivity value, social enhancement value, entertainment value, and reward value (e.g., Dholakia, Bagazzi, and Pearo 2004; Flanagin and Metzger 2001). A good theoretical framework identifies and defines the important variables in the situation that are relevant to the problem and subsequently describes and explains the interconnections among these variables. Requirements: 1. There are three basic features that should be present in any theoretical framework. Discuss these features?2a. Is there or are they any alternative approaches that would allow Jesse to develop a conceptual model?2b. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of undertaking a literature review to develop a model?2c. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the alternative approach that you have come up with?3a. Label the variables of Jesse's conceptual model in terms of independent, dependent, moderating, and/or mediating variables? 3b. Explain the general difference(s) between moderating and mediating variables? 4. Develop the relevant hypotheses based on Jesse's model?5a. Provide a thorough evaluation of Jesse's arguments?5b. Provide a better explanation of why we would expect these relationships to exist?6a. Try to come up with a variable that moderates the relationship between one of the independent variables and 'member's satisfaction'? 6c. Provide the relevant hypothesis? Answer: 1. There are three basic features that should be present in any theoretical framework. Discuss these features. Social Marketing uses the commercial Marketing technologies for analysis, planning, execution of programs designed to influence the behavioral changes of the population in order to improve their personal welfare and also that of the society in which they live. Social Marketing is considered to be the toughest of all because it deals with changing behavior of the people and it is not easy to change the behavior the people and when it comes to health related issues it becomes even difficult. Theoretical framework is a collection of interrelated concepts; its like a theory but may not necessarily be a well-articulated one. A theoretical framework guides the researcher. Once the statement of the research is framed the theoretical framework helps in determining the variables that need to be measured, and the statistical relationships that need to be set and further analysed. The three basic features that should be present in any theoretical framework are as follows: - Philosophy, Definitions, and Procedure Philosophy: - it is very necessary to develop a philosophy around the theory. While probing into the requirements of business ethics, the related theories frequently involve decisions about right and wrong. Thinking a lot of honesty, fairness, integrity, and loyalty, this model has made comprehensive consideration for the internal and external issues in a detailed manner. Definitions:- Identifying the detailed principles, the rights and duties between a company and its employees, suppliers, customers and neighbours, its fiduciary responsibility to its shareholders are well integrated. Procedure: - Procedure basically defines how will go ahead with the research which means whether the writer will follow descriptive method, work shop method, questionnaire method or interview method. The procedure will define how to go about the project. 2a. Is there or are they any alternative approaches that would allow Jesse to develop a conceptual model? No there is not only 1 method but various other alternative approaches that would allow Jesse to develop conceptual model. Conceptual model is basically knowledge based concept or by using expert systems. The other approaches which Jesse can use is the questionnaire method, where the writer can gather different views from the population and get a clear idea about his framework He can also use Workshop method where it is generally conducted with 6 to 8 population at a time in order to gather the information for system requirement. It is considered to be fastest method for collecting data related to information requirement but the process requires extra IT persons for recording the information and people involved in it should be skilled in conducting workshops (Boyatzis, 1998). 2b. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of undertaking a literature review to develop a model. In many countries around the world many people die prematurely which is attributable to their lifestyle and environmental factors. Advantages:- The main advantage of literature review is that the writer gets the whole idea about the project. It also helps in getting a insite about the development and the method which other researchers use, this will help them to give a better research. Fact finding techniques can be identified Purpose of the research is well defined. Disadvantages:- Figures are not realistic Assumptions are taken into consideration Results are not full proof 2c. describe the advantages and disadvantages of the alternative approach that you have come up with. Advantages:- Alternative approaches help the writer to compare 2 results. It helps in using the research which gives the most appropriate results. It helps in identifying the errors and making necessary corrections. Disadvantages:- Alternative approaches can divert the writers mind It creates a confusion in the mind and in the research methodology Creates a confusion in the results which are generated in different approaches 3a. Label the variables of Jesse's conceptual model in terms of independent, dependent, moderating, and/or mediating variables. Independent Variables:- Independent variables are the variables which do not change from approach to approach Informative: - This is a variable which describes all the information about the research. This is a variable which doesnt change from approach to approach coz the information about the research will never change. Non Informative: - this is a variable which may change from approach to approach because this variable is irrespective of the approach used. These are basically the assumptions which are used in the research. Dependant:- Depending variables are the variables which are totally dependent on the results that are generated. If there is a slight change in these dependent variables then the research result is totally changed. Social Interaction: - This basically means the approach which the researcher uses by talking socially to the people and generating assumptions about the project. Enhancement:- if the researcher uses this approach it enhances the researchers knowledge which gives him a better insight about the problem statement Moderating/Mediating Moderating variables are the variables which basically describe the qualitative and quantitative variables of the study Mediating variables talk about the input and the outputs of the research approach. They decide on the inputs of the research which will give the best output for that approach. 3b. Explain the general difference(s) between moderating and mediating variables. Moderating:- Moderating variable are the variables which talk about the quantitative and qualitative approach of the research. Qualitative variables are the variables which decide the quality of the research study. Quantitative variables decide the quantity of information that will be required for the research study. These variables are important for the research study because it gives the researcher a brief idea about the study and the problem statement. Mediating:- Mediating variables are the variables which define the inputs for the study which will give the best output. This defines the variable which will give a better output to the public like the reward value. The variables should help generate an award for the public. 4. Develop the relevant hypotheses based on Jesse's model. The model basically talks about the social networking sites. Some of the relevant hypotheses can be as follows:- To give better incite and better knowledge about the new brands. Better reward values to high valued customers. High valued customers should be given the best satisfaction level. To feel free in accepting feedback and suggestions from the customers. 5a. Provide a thorough evaluation of Jesse's arguments. Jessess arguments on the theory say that most of the customers prefer online brand community. They get better service and are freer in expressing their thoughts over the online communities. He also describes that when a person is related to an online community his expectations towards the online website increases. This also increases the expectations of the customers in getting a free reward gift in exchange of a purchase. He also says that the customers are more diverted towards the networking websites because it provides entertainment which makes them relax and stress free. He thinks that providing sufficient entertainment will help him attract members on his website. He thinks on the entertainments like playing videos, contests, games etc. Requirement gathering is crucial part of social marketing in. It helps the marketer in understanding the needs of the organization related to that particular sector (Boyatzis, 1998). It helps in understanding the uses of the newly developed system and also serves as important tool in system analysis. By proper requirement gathering system it is possible for the developer to design and develop new or alternative solutions which will cater the needs of the study. For the development of good and effective structure it is necessary that the data related to requirements should be well documented, testable and helps to relate to new business opportunities and helps in p roviding information necessary for system. Usually the requirement analysis includes three steps, identifying the population, analyzing requirements and finally documenting the requirements and using the data while testing the newly development. 5b. Provide a better explanation of why we would expect these relationships to exist. We expect these relations to exist because this will help to generate the loyalty of the members. Certain actions will increase the relationship between the member and the community, like providing sufficient entertainment will help him attract members on his website and will increase the participation of the members on the community websites. This will increase the interactions on the community websites and help in getting better suggestions to make the website a better place of entertainment. 6a. Try to come up with a variable that moderates the relationship between one of the independent variables and 'member's satisfaction'. The variable that moderates the relationship between one of the independent variables and 'member's satisfaction' is Entertainment. Entertainment will help in relation building since the member will have a nice time on the community website. Entertainment will also help the member to stay and participate on the community website. 6b. Provide an explanation of why and how you would expect that this variable affects the relationship between the independent variable of your choice and `member's satisfaction'. The independent variable will help in building the relationship because by providing entertainment the member will feel that the community website cares about the members expectations and have a better incite on the time which they spend on the community website. Social networking websites and community websites are the best sources where the member can share his ideas and thoughts and feel stress free. Entertainment when provided on the websites shows various types of discount coupons, different options of purchase, different type of products which the member is looking for etc. The effective implementation of social marketing strategy will depend upon three factors that are education, law and marketing. In order to achieve success in public health objectives it is important that all three factors are used properly and in co-ordination to achieve the final goals. 6c. Provide the relevant hypothesis. Most relevant hypotheses that can be given for this study is that, the better entertainment and the better reward a community website provides the more will be the participation of the member on the social networking website. The more the social networking website will work on the customer front is directly proportional to the participation level of the members and the customers. This will also increase the satisfaction level of the customers. The information for the requirement gathering is obtained from the below mentioned. The marketer should collect the information related to required study from the existing structure and it should be clear and unambiguous. The information can be collected through several methods. Social marketing is critical to exhibit because it looks at public health sector with the view point of the customers. While involving social marketing in public health you should be well aware of the target audience. We should be aware of what the consumer is looking f or. The marketers should be known why the consumer will accept the change, why is he not accepting the change etc. The marketer should realize the difficulties and the negative issues from the mind-set if the target audience and try to remove it from the population. References: Boyatzis, R. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Deleuze, G., Guattari, F. (1991). What is philosophy? New York: Columbia University Press. Denzin, N. K. Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (1994). Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Guba, E. G., Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 105117). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Mishler, E. G. (1990). Validation in inquiry-guided research: The role of exemplars in narrative studies. Harvard Educational Review, 60, 415441. Morse J. M., Hupcey, J. E., Penrod, J., Spiers, J. A., Pooler, C., Mitcham, C. (2002). Symposium conclusion: Issues of validityBehavioral concepts, their derivation and interpretation. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 1(4), 6873.